Ten Critical Steps for Risk Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ten Critical Steps for Risk Managers - Essay Example There are for the most part 10 significant sorts of political dangers, for example, Nationalization, seizure, appropriation, hardship, contract disappointment, cash inconvertibility, exchange interruptions, uncalled for money related assurance calling, cheapening and a few catastrophes like strikes, war, common uproar, psychological warfare and mutual mob. Somewhere in the range of 2008 and 2011, the issuance of PRI has expanded because of unstable political state of a few nations. US accomplished government upheld psychological warfare protection conspire (Miga, 2012). These means will viably direct the hazard administrators to purchase political hazard protection. Choice of guarantor or representative is significant. Representatives or financiers are the primary contact line. Along these lines, it is significant for the directors to embrace powerful determination process. The facts confirm that there are a few guarantors who can share the perspectives about political hazard however just not many of them can perform satisfactorily in the restricted and basic protection showcase. Subsequent stage is administration necessity. It is a viable piece of the choice procedure. The chiefs should recognize what administrations are required for sends out. In addition, they should attempt to ensure their important resources like recording of uses, financing, presentation audit, contract survey, political hazard knowledge, claims taking care of and loss of control. Charges and commissions ought to likewise be viably inspected. The hazard supervisors should attempt to join a few political hazard exposures under a solitary arrangement. Representative inclines toward a few significant bundle approaches as these are ordinarily increasingly unsurprising and stable. Compelling correspondence among representatives, directors, top administration is a significant work culture of the associations. The hazard administrators ought to sort out an in-house course to illuminate the worke rs about potential dangers and teach them to forestall those dangers. Administrators ought to build up a formal and straightforward correspondence structure including week by week status and refreshed reports. They should select powerful nearby and natural facilitators to advance working arrangement and branch of knowledge. Agreement audit is significant for the hazard administrators. They should lead a careful survey process including audit and investigation of terms of installment and deal, contract and other significant records related with the presentation. It will assist the directors with assuring proper inclusion is acquired. Political hazard knowledge is another significant advance. It is a significant piece of business administration. The certified offices will assist the supervisors with assisting in the help, data and refreshed insight region. Notwithstanding the 10 Political hazard inclusion regions, the directors ought to comprehend about terms, conditions and rates. Th ese will help the hazard directors to address co-protection, holding up period, deductibility, prohibitions, guarantees, rescheduling, assurance of benefits and business interference. Larger part of the political hazard inclusion does exclude trade credit. Fare credit protection is a viable deals device as banks are progressively fitting to allow send out financing. Loss of control is another basic advance. Loss of control measure causes the hazard supervisors to limit the misfortune. It can incorporate the agreement examination to ensure the association interests later on (Fita, 2007). The organization’s intrigue can be ensured through great treatment security. Last advance is claims methodology. Prior to the event of misfortune, a composed documentation strategy ought to be created. It will assist with tending to who is taking care of the

Milpa Agriculture vs. Industrial Agriculture Essay

The Milpa agribusiness and Industrial horticulture have numerous likenesses and contrasts. Milpa horticulture is a type of swidden agribusiness that is drilled in Mesoamerica. Customary Milpa is planted with maize, beans, and corn. Mechanical farming is an advanced faming that delivers a real existence stock, poultry, and yields. The techniques that modern agribusiness use to techno logical, financial, and political. In Milpa horticulture a few ranchers utilize a coa stick so as to design their harvests and modern cultivating the ranchers utilize various machines. Modern agribusiness makes their activity simpler and quicker by utilizing the machines and innovation. In Milpa farming is the absolutely inverse thing they don’t use innovation so as to develop their yields it takes them longer to plant their harvests by utilizing basic technique and one of the strategies is the coa stick. Milpa horticulture has more than one plant, for example, maize, beans, and squash. Modern agribusiness just spotlights on one plant. For instance if modern agribusiness needs to develop maize they concentrate just in that particular plant that is being planted. Milpa is conventional in Mesoamerica. What I mean by this is when milpa is planted in Mesoamerica is passed down in the family ages. Mesoamericans attempt to keep their convention of planting milpa. In mechanical agribusiness isn't generally conventional to pass it down into their families for the most part it is done due to the cash. Modern agribusiness utilizes loads of pesticides so as to keep their yields from threat. By utilizing pesticides they won’t lose loads of their yields. Milpa horticulture doesn’t truly depend on the utilization of pesticides. Milpa farming has the upside of losing crops since they don’t use pesticides. That’s the explanation in milpa agribusiness more than one harvest is joined simultaneously they have different yields to depend on not simply on the maize. In the event that mechanical horticulture loses every one of their harvests they won’t have anything to depend on the grounds that they just spotlight on developing on kind of yields.

Argumentative Essay Topics for High School

Argumentative Essay Topics for High SchoolArgumentative essay topics are a great way to shine on your college admissions essay. Whether you are writing an essay to pass the test or a freshman English essay, essay topics for high school can help you write strong essays. You may be surprised at how this one topic can have a positive impact on your academic performance and help you gain admission to your university of choice.There are many argumentative essay topics that can help you to showcase your knowledge and your writing skills. One of the best things about these topics is that they are often related to your class. You may learn as a freshman in math or history that is related to the subject of your essay topic. If this is the case, you can use this connection as a reason to help you make the most of your essay topic.For example, if you are writing a history of your country's war with Mexico, you might learn that Washington and Jefferson were both on the winning side. Use this fac t to give you a different perspective on your essay topic. Make a point to discuss with the leaders of your country's past and their roles in history.Argumentative essay topics are usually written from the perspective of a student. You may want to choose topics where you will represent a character. This gives you the chance to demonstrate how you see a particular event or person, what makes them unique and why you believe they are worth examining in your essay.If you have already chosen a topic for your college admissions essay, you will want to consider the type of person that you want to write your essay for. You may want to go with a type of person that is hard to relate to and more difficult to understand. Many of the essay topics that are difficult to read or to understand are the types of topics that require an extra-strong argumentation.Another thing to consider when looking for argumentative essay topics for high school is your length. Although many college-bound students do n't realize it, the college admissions committee is very picky about length. Even if you are able to fit an essay topic of this length into the length constraints of the college application, your essay may not receive as much praise as it deserves.It is important to remember that you will be writing your essay when you are a teenager in high school. High school is not the time to get fancy with grammar or spelling. If you find yourself writing an essay about grammar and spelling, you may want to consider skipping it for next year.As you can see, argumentative essay topics for high school are a good way to get into college. Be sure to follow these tips and tricks, and you should be well on your way to composing a strong, well-written college admissions essay. Good luck!

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How is Uranus Pronounced

The seventh planet from the Sun is a frozen ice giant of a world smothered in a heavy atmosphere. For those reasons, planetary scientists continue to study it with both ground-based and space-based telescopes. The Voyager 2 spacecraft swept past the planet in 1986, giving astronomers their first close-up look at this distant world. Historical / Getty Images However, Uranus has a problem. Or, rather, humans have a problem with its name. It has long been the butt of jokes ranging from classroom giggles to much more explicit commentary on the late-night talk shows. Why? Because it has a name that, if people say it wrong, it sounds really, really  naughty.   While school students have a lot of fun with the name, discussions about Uranus  even elicit  giggles from college students and adults at live planetarium star lectures. Its understandable, even at the same time that astronomers and teachers privately roll their eyes when they have to teach about the planet. The question is, though, is all this merriment necessary? And, how DO we say its name? One Word, Two  Uranuses It turns out that both pronunciations that people use are correct. The classic, potty-mouth version (specifically  Ã… «Ã‚ ·rÄ Ã¢â‚¬ ²Ã‚ ·nÉ™s, or you-RAY-nuss)  places the emphasis on the long A sound. Thats the one that leads to raised eyebrows, giggling and outright laughter. Its the pronunciation that most planetarium lecturers, for example, dont even want to talk about in front of an audience. Which is probably why kids still ask about it and adults still snicker when they hear it. The other pronunciation (Ã… «r†²Ã‚ ·Ã‰â„¢Ã‚ ·nÉ™s) places the emphasis on the long U while the long A sound is replaced with an uh as in YOU-ruh-nuss. As it turns out this pronunciation is the one preferred among academics. Sure, it almost sounds like Urine-uss, and that raises the eyebrows among people for whom any mention of bathroom stuff is icky. But, honestly, that second pronunciation is much better to use and is more historically accurate. The name comes from the ancient Greek name for the god of the sky. Read up on  Greek gods and mythology to learn more about the planets namesake. Uranus was considered one of the most basic  gods. He was married to the Earth mother Gaia (and, quite interestingly, he was also her son which really IS kind of racy!). They had children who became the first  Titans and were ancestors of all the other Greek gods who followed. Because Greek mythology is of interest to scholars and because Greek names are scattered throughout astronomical nomenclature, using the Greek pronunciation is more academically pleasing. Of course, its also less embarrassing. Pronouncing it YOU-ruh-nuss  stops the students from snickering. Or so people hope.   Uranus is Really Fascinating Its really too bad that people have to be so squirrelly the name of one of the more fascinating worlds in the solar system. If they look beyond the name, they would learn cool information a world that rolls around the Sun on its side and periodically points one pole or the other directly at us. That gives the planet some strange (and very long) seasons. When the Voyager 2 spacecraft rushed past, it sent back views of the planet in different wavelengths of light. Two views of Uranus from Voyager 2. The left image is a normal view, showing very little detail in the clouds. With special instruments, Voyager 2 showed us that the pole of the planet was pointing toward the Sun and that there were distinct atmospheric layers. NASA.JPL   It also checked out the strange little moons of Uranus, which all appear to be frozen, cratered, and in a few cases, have very odd-looking surfaces.   Pictures of the Uranian moon Miranda, with its unique surface features. NASA/JPL Uranus itself is classified as an ice giant world. That doesnt mean its actually made completely of ice. Its interior is a small rocky worldlet (maybe about the size of Earth) surrounded by a layer of ammonia, water, ammonia, and methane ices. Above that are the atmospheric layers, which are made mostly of hydrogen, helium, and methane gases; the topmost layer is made of clouds, and there are ice particles there, too. That qualifies as a pretty interesting world in anybodys book, regardless of what its called!   Finding Uranus Another secret about Uranus? Not so mysterious really; this world was  discovered by British astronomer and musical composer William Herschel, back in 1781. He wanted to name it after his patron, King George III. That didnt fly with astronomers in France, who claimed to have discovered it, too. So, eventually, it was named Uranus, which pleased everybody.   So, Which Uranus to Use? So which pronunciation to use? Go with whats comfortable. A sense of humor about the whole thing helps. Remember that the planet  is gassy, but those gases are mostly of hydrogen and helium, with some methane here and there. And, heres a final thought: far from being a huge joke, Uranus turns out to be a repository of important building blocks of the solar system! That ​and its position out beyond Saturn keep planetary scientists busy trying to understand its fascinating characteristics.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Gangs And Its Effects On Society Essay - 1320 Words

Gang members may feel that gangs are merely a family and other see them as violent people with no direction that need to be locked away. Gangs cause fear to those that live around them, but to children that have no support system gangs appear to be a surrogate family. Gangs are not all about friends committing crime, but to a gang member a way of life. Gangs that are a threat to society is a problem, but one that can be changed by silencing the influence of the media, parenting your children, and changing the nature of the gang. A gang can be defined as a group of people who join together with the same interest of committing crime and violence. Every gang is not the same and the crimes they commit are different. The crimes can be robbery, drug tracking, murder, guns to name a few. This is why some kids join the gangs. The main reason you find that gangs are formed is because of poverty, racism, family, and a wanting to belong. You can find that many people get involved with gangs for protection from bullies and other gangs. Others get involved for the sense of family security that they are missing at home. The child gets that sense of identity, power and protection they were longing for. Being in a gang is dangerous and deadly not only for the members but the family, friends, and community around them. Unfortunately, not everybody that is killed is a gang member, but are innocent people that are caught in the middle of it. In urban areas where gang activity is on the riseShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Gang Vi olence And Its Effects On Society2398 Words   |  10 PagesUnderstanding Gang Violence Gang violence is an issue that has existed for many years and a problem that continues to exist in our society today. According to, The National Gang Center, there is no clear way to define a gang, but one thing that characterizes a gang is a shared identity usually linked to a name or symbol. 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Strategic Management of Amcor Limited-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management of Amcor Limited. Answer: Introduction Amcor Limited is involved in providing numerous types of packaging materials to various industries as well as they are also helpful for the general public to preserve the household items in an appropriate manner. Being a leader in the form of packaging company across the globe, Amcor Limited has adopted the strategies under which they have taken the responsibility on their shoulders in order to use and provide adequate packaging materials. With this effect, the environment, as well as packaging, could be able to preserve the quality of the perishable and non-perishable goods. For promoting their packaging in Australia and in other parts of the globe, organization has started contributing to the government initiatives, NGOs, etc. which are started with a motive to spread the awareness in the public in relevance with the recycling of waste, reduction in the use of un-disposable packaging. They have arranged various seminars and conferences in order to promote the responsible packaging provided by the Amcor Limited across the globe. Feedback programs and surveys methods are also being adopted by the organisation in order to enhance the performance as well as to spread awareness in the public regarding the reduction of use of plastic and other harmful packaging materials for environment. Amcor Limiteds current strategy Amcor Limited is a part of Business to Business type of business and they play crucial role in packing the finished goods in appropriate manner so that it could reach to the consumers in adequate condition. Amcor Limited has adopted numerous strategies so that their packaging could not affect the environmental conditions, as well as these, are also capable enough to attain the goals and the objectives of the organization. These are known as the business level strategies and these are helpful performing the unique functions of the organization (Bond Saggi, 2014). Following are some of the strategies implemented by the Amcor Limited to enhance their performance: Using and promoting responsible packaging: With the adaptation of this strategy, Amcor Limited is able to meet its goals of providing reliable packaging materials. The responsible packaging provides crucial support to the product as well as it also reduces the chances of breakage, spoilage, etc. of the product. The main purpose behind adaptation of promoting and using responsible packaging is to ensure the customer that they will get the fit and safe product. Apart from this, packaging provided by the organization is quite impressive and reliable. The waste extracted from the flexible packaging cannot be recycled and for this, Amcor has taken various initiatives in order to amend this (Cavusgil, et. al., 2014). To change this, Amcor Limited has taken part in the Project Reflex which is a UK based program. Under this program, various methods are discussed in order to recycle the films and multilayer laminates which are used to develop flexible packaging. The recycling process will lea d to build an innovative product which will be used to enhance the performance of the flexible packaging. Reducing the impact over environment: Amcor Limited has diversified their business in the world and they have 195 sites across the globe. Main motive of Amcor Limited is to adopt continuous innovations in terms of improving the environmental conditions across their 195 sites. As per their strategy, they are spreading awareness in the consumers as well as in suppliers in order to enhance the environmental effectiveness (Chong, 2014). The production of flexible and non-flexible packaging leads to the emission of greenhouse gases which has a great impact on the environmental conditions. In order to reduce the impact of Amcor Limiteds activities of production, they have started a campaign i.e. Amcors Global Sustainability Leadership Council for improving the efficiency of the production sites. For the same, operations of the organization such as research and development, sales and marketing, etc. will be improved through the campaign started by the organization (Eteokleous, Leonidou Kat sikeas, 2016). Quality standards: Amcor Limited has built up certain standards in relevance with the environmental policy such as discharges of environment, towers for cooling and impact over community. These standards help the organization to fulfil the requirements in terms of environmental conditions that should be adopted by every organization. Every site of the Amcor Limited is performing their functionalities on the basis of these standards policies and they are equivalent to the ISO 14001 (Cummings Worley, 2014). Apart from the quality standards, they have also adopted the policy of developing safe and ethical workplace for its employees. The safety trends adopted by the organization have developed certain safety monitors which address the safety requirements within the workplace. Internal, as well as external audits, are practiced every three-year basis within the workplace to analyse the impact of these standards (Greckhamer Gur, 2015). Workers interest: Amcor Limited has adopted the policy under which all the employees and the workers are given equal rights. Practicing and adopting unethical practices such as discrimination, harassment, etc. are prohibited and this helps the workers to perform their functions in an adequate manner. With the implementation of Code of Conduct and Ethics Policy within the workplace, Amcor has successfully built a friendly workplace environment under which no unfair, unethical practices will be performed in order to demotivate the employees. This helps the organization to attain its set targets and goals in an appropriate manner within certain period of time (Majaro, 2013). Coordinating unit activities: In the business, various activities are being performed in order to meet organizational goals and the objectives to enhance the performance of the organization. Activities are divided on the basis of departments, sections but maintaining the cooperation amongst the departments of the organization is crucial in order to achieve the goals for organization (Biermann, 2017). If one department or individual will perform its activities to achieve individual goals then it will not be beneficial for organization. Rather putting individual efforts, those efforts should be put to attain organizational goals and this will leads to fulfilling individual goals too (Sekaran Bougie, 2016). Cost-effectiveness strategy: Through this strategy, Amcor Limited is able to attain adequate competitive advantage in the market. Cost-effectiveness technique defines the collaboration between the cost and the activities performed to produce certain goods. Amcor Limited has adopted this strategy in order to reduce its cost of production for setting the reliable price for the finished goods. This helps the organization to maintain the transparency in the price of the product as well as it also becomes affordable option for consumers and it leads to increase in the demand for the goods produced by organization. Increased demand for the product helps the organization to enhance its revenues thus; it provides competitive advantage to the organization (Hardman, Steinberger-Wilckens van der Horst, 2013). Utilizing human resources: It is very crucial for every organization to utilize its human and all other available resources in an adequate manner so that results could be maximised. Employees are the most valuable resources and Amcor Limited has adopted various policies to retain its key employees. Fulfilment of the employees needs is very important in order to enhance the organizational performance (Wiewiora, et. al., 2013). Organization needs to organise various tests through which available human resources talents and skills could be recognised. On the basis of outcomes obtained from the analysis performed within the organizational premises, appropriate measures and policies are being adopted by the Amcor Limited for fulfilment of employees needs. Fulfilment of employees needs will influence them to enhance their increase performance and the increased performance leads to the enhancement of the organizational performance (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). Evaluation of suitability of Amcor Limiteds current strategies Above strategies of the Amcor Limited defines the work procedures in relevance with the production of packaging. Amendments and the modifications are not required in the current strategies because with these set of strategies, organization can achieve the desired the targets and these are capable enough to enhance the performance of the organization in numerous ways. They are adopting the innovative strategies with the view to improve their functionalities because production of varieties of packaging leads to emission of greenhouse gases which have the direct impact on the environment. Plastic materials are also used in producing packaging which is non-recyclable and their disposal is also not an easy task. For this reason, they have commenced the campaign under which films and layers of plastic packaging are used in such a manner so that they could be recycled as well as their impact on the environment could also be reduced (Lpez-Mosquera, Lera-Lpez Snchez, 2015). Apart from this, organization needs to improve their communication strategies through which information could be shared from one department to other easily. In order to enhance the performance of the organization, adequate evaluation methods need to be adopted. Through evaluation methods, organization will be able to compare the expected performance with the actual performance and on the basis of difference found in the comparison process, appropriate set of actions must be applied (Coleman Hill, 2015). Implementation of strategy The basic process which is used to implement the strategies for enhancing the performance of the organization is analysing the environmental conditions. As Amcor Limited is performing their functionalities from 195 sites hence; for every site, they need to conduct environmental scanning in order to determine the factors present in the particular sites surroundings which could impact the organizational performance. Implementation of current strategy will not be a difficult task for the organization because they have already adopted the quality measures through which implementation of the strategy becomes easier task (da Cruz, et. al., 2014). Following will be the criteria that should be matched up by with the above-discussed strategies in the workplace in order to attain adequate targets and objectives: Responsible packaging: To implement the strategy of responsible packaging under which materials used in the production of packaging should be ethical towards the environment. The quality standards which are developed by the company itself, as well as the policies made by government, should be fulfilled in order to reduce the chances of glitches in the performance of the organization (Foo, et. al., 2016). Environmental effect: Plastic materials should not be used in terms of meeting the environmental requirements and to convert this idea into reality, Amcor Limited has commenced an initiative to which the films and the layers of plastics are examined with a motive to build a recycled as well as strong packaging product. In order to enhance the organizational performance, they need to fulfil their surroundings requirements. Emission of greenhouse gases from the production of packaging material is also a major issue for the organization and to attain reduce the effect of these gases on the environment; they have adopted the policies under which all the activities will be performed by meeting with environmental requirements (Khan, et. al., 2014). Quality standards developed by the Amcor Limited and the standards determined by government authorities in terms of meeting the environmental requirements are quite similar. Hence, Amcor Limited does not require making amendments in order to improve their efficiency. Working environment: Developing healthy and adequate workplace for the workers is also necessary in order to meet the organizational goals and objectives. Till the time, organization will not be able to fulfil the requirements of their workers, enhancing the efficiency of the organization is difficult. Providing adequate working environment to the workers is beneficial for organization as it will influence the workers to perform to achieve organizational goals as well as this will also develop coordination between the employer and the employee. Coordination between the employer and employee leads to reduction in the disputes and the productivity level of the organization will be increased with the implementation of the strategy of providing adequate working environment to the workers and to the employees (Kirmani, et. al., 2014). Competitive advantage: Gaining competitive advantage is also a difficult task for the organization. But the policies built up by the Amcor Limited have helped them to gain competitive advantage and with this, they have been ranked as the leader in manufacturing packaging across the globe. For gaining competitive advantage, organization can adopt various strategies and as discussed above, the cost-effective technique could also be used as this helps the organization to maintain the reasonable process of their products and it also leads to reduction in the wastages. Hence, implementing cost effective technique will be able to provide adequate competitive advantage to the Amcor Limited (Bertoluci, Leroy Olsson, 2014) Key issues Amcor Limited has suffered from various types of issues and in terms of developing the adequate resolution for reducing the impact over the performance of the organization. The major issues found in the production of packaging are the emission of greenhouse gases due to use of plastic materials, machinery used in the production process, etc. Following are the issues which are generated due to production of plastic materials and for delivering flexible and non-flexible packaging, using plastic materials is very crucial and to remove this kind of issue, organization needs to adopt various strategies to resolve those issues and to enhance the performance of the organization: In terms of promoting the responsible packaging, Amcor Limited has faced very severe issues in terms of reducing cost of the production, in terms of fulfilment of the governments policies in relevance with the environmental conditions, etc. Responsible packaging is made of adequate materials which are ethical for environmental conditions and their recycling and the disposition process can also be performed easily. For the same, organization has participated in certain programs such as Project reflex and in this program; various resolutions are being discussed in order to reduce the usage of plastic and other unethical materials to produce flexible and non-flexible packaging. Along with the above issues, maintaining the adequate cost of the products produced by Amcor Limited is quite a difficult task. Adaptation of high-class materials except the plastic is quite expensive but this also reduces the impact on environment (Razak, et. al., 2013). Amcor Limited is known as the leader in terms of producing varieties of flexible and non-flexible packaging and they are serving various parts of the globe from 195 sites. Expansion of the business leads to lack of control over the processes of the organization. Due to lack of control over the processes of various sites across the globe generates severe issues such as non-fulfilment of the environmental conditions, usage of unethical materials, inferior qualitative raw materials used in the production, etc. These will leads to the production of inferior quality finished goods. Hence, image of the organization across the globe could be affected and in order to reduce this impact, organization needs to adopt some effective strategies through which adequate control measures could be imposed by the processes of all the sites of the organization. For maintain the effective control over all sites, a centralised process should be adopted so that all sites could be connected with each other. The policies in relation with the functionalities of the Amcor Limited should also be remaining same so that chances for errors could be reduced. The major difference amongst all sites' policies would be the policies described by their local government (Hurley, et. al., 2013). Adaptation of the quality measures and the quality standards is also a big concern for the Amcor Limited. For all the sites, they need to mold their policies in relation to the quality standards described by the local authority. This could create various issues such as non-adaptation of policies, quality measures, etc. which are described in relation to save the environment from greenhouse gases emission from the procedure of production of packaging. Apart from this, Amcor Limited may also face the difference in the quality of the finished products produced across their sites. In order to remove quality related issues, organization has developed their own quality standards whose effect is equivalent to the quality standards described by the government. These standards and the standard ISO 14001 have the same impact and this proves to be a great success factor for the Amcor Limited in order to maintain the balance between the organizational functionalities across their all sites (Hadd eland, et. al., 2014). Sometimes, organization suffers from the issues like harassment of new employees within the workplace, discrimination practices, unfair behaviour, etc. These unethical activities are generally practiced by the existing employees due to some issues with the management or for other personal issues. This leads to increase in the labour turnover ratio because new employees cannot work in these circumstances. Ultimately, it reduces the organizations overall performance and to resolve these types of issues, organization needs to develop a separate team under which workers interest could be maintained and their needs should also be fulfilled in an adequate manner. This influence the workers to perform better for the organization and due to this, organization will be able to reach the desired targets and the goals (Vanderroost, et. al., 2014). Amcor Limited has approximately 195 sites across the globe and in each site, various departments exist. Maintaining coordination amongst the departments of the organization is quite difficult and due to lack of coordination amongst the departments of organization leads to various issues such as flow of activities will be reduced; organizational performance will get disturbed, etc. In order to remove this type of issues, unit activities idea was launched and it means all the sites of the Amcor Limited need to perform in an adequate manner so that appropriate goals and the targets could be obtained. Along with all sites of the organization, individual departments of the same site should also coordinate with each other. This will help the organization to reduce the chances of disputes amongst the departments of the organization (MacKenzie Ho, 2015). To maintain this type of coordination, organization needs to adopt various strategies through which appropriate control could be developed angst the performance of the organization as well as adaptation of the internal communication system could also be adopted in order to enhance the organizational performance (Dimaano, Suthiwongsunthorn Yang, 2015). Pricing strategy becomes a severe issue for the organization sometimes; setting adequate price for the finished products produced by the organization is not an easy task for the organization. In terms of Amcor Limited, they also suffer from the same issue due to a huge number of competitors involved in the same type of business. To gain the competitive advantage, organization adopts pricing strategy and the policy of cost-effectiveness is the most effective as well as adequate strategy for Amcor Limited in terms of gaining competitive advantage. This influences the organization to cut their excessive cost incurred for the production, reduction in the wastages, etc. As per this strategy, cost is reduced in order to set the reasonable price of the product. Setting lower prices in relevance with the competitors price provides adequate competitive advantage (Sadek, 2017). Utilization of the available resources with the organization in an adequate manner is also a difficult task. Human resources and the other type so reprocess available with the organization should be used in an adequate manner so that organization could be able to meet its objectives and the goals. The right person should be appointed at the right place in order to enhance the organizational performance. In terms of Amcor Limited, they have adopted adequate quality standards, various effective campaigns have also been introduced by the organization in terms of enhancing the performance of the organization. To maintain their effectiveness, appropriate and required amendments need to be adopted by the organization so that the procedures adopted by the organization could help the organization to enhance their performance in terms of the changing environmental conditions (Dimaano, Suthiwongsunthorn Yang, 2016). Conclusion This report concluded the effectiveness of the approaches used by the Amcor Limited in terms of developing their strategies. Strategic management is very crucial segment for the organization in terms of developing adequate business environment so that appropriate and expected results could be attained. In order to analyse the importance of the strategies used by Amcor Limited, their current strategies and their effectiveness were discussed. Apart from the current strategies of the Amcor Limited in terms of providing ethical packaging to its consumers, evaluation of those strategies was conducted. Furthermore, implementation of the strategies and the key issues present in the business process as well as in the strategies used by the Amcor Limited were discussed References Bertoluci, G., Leroy, Y., Olsson, A. (2014). Exploring the environmental impacts of olive packaging solutions for the European food market.Journal of Cleaner Production,64, 234-243. Biermann, F. (2017).A world environment organization: Solution or threat for effective international environmental governance?. Routledge. Bond, E. W., Saggi, K. (2014). Compulsory licensing, price controls, and access to patented foreign products.Journal of Development Economics,109, 217-228. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Chong, S. (2014). Business process management for SMEs: an exploratory study of implementation factors for the Australian wine industry.Journal of Information Systems and Small Business,1(1-2), 41-58. Coleman, B. M., Hill, A. F. (2015). Extracellular vesiclesTheir role in the packaging and spread of misfolded proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. InSeminars in cell developmental biology(Vol. 40, pp. 89-96). Academic Press. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. da Cruz, N. F., Ferreira, S., Cabral, M., Simes, P., Marques, R. C. (2014). Packaging waste recycling in Europe: is the industry paying for it?.Waste management,34(2), 298-308. Dimaano, A. B., Suthiwongsunthorn, N., Yang, Y. B. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 9,023,690. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Dimaano, A. B., Suthiwongsunthorn, N., Yang, Y. B. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,472,532. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Eteokleous, P. P., Leonidou, L. C., Katsikeas, C. S. (2016). Corporate social responsibility in international marketing: review, assessment, and future research.International Marketing Review,33(4), 580-624. Foo, M. L., Matsuda, R., Hijikata, Y., Krishna, R., Sato, H., Horike, S., ... Takata, M. (2016). An adsorbate discriminatory gate effect in a flexible porous coordination polymer for selective adsorption of CO2 over C2H2.Journal of the American Chemical Society,138(9), 3022-3030. Greckhamer, T., Gur, F. A. (2015). A Set Theoretic Study of Generic Strategies and Firm Performance Differences. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2015, No. 1, p. 15849). Academy of Management. Haddeland, I., Heinke, J., Biemans, H., Eisner, S., Flrke, M., Hanasaki, N., ... Stacke, T. (2014). Global water resources affected by human interventions and climate change.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(9), 3251-3256. Hardman, S., Steinberger-Wilckens, R., van der Horst, D. (2013). Disruptive innovations: the case for hydrogen fuel cells and battery electric vehicles.International journal of hydrogen energy,38(35), 15438-15451. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hurley, R. A., Galvarino, J., Thackston, E., Ouzts, A., Pham, A. (2013). The effect of modifying structure to display product versus graphical representation on packaging.Packaging Technology and Science,26(8), 453-460. Khan, A., Huq, T., Khan, R. A., Riedl, B., Lacroix, M. (2014). Nanocellulose-based composites and bioactive agents for food packaging.Critical reviews in food science and nutrition,54(2), 163-174. Kirmani, A. R., Carey, G. H., Abdelsamie, M., Yan, B., Cha, D., Rollny, L. R., ... Amassian, A. (2014). Effect of Solvent Environment on Colloidal?Quantum?Dot Solar?Cell Manufacturability and Performance.Advanced Materials,26(27), 4717-4723. Lpez-Mosquera, N., Lera-Lpez, F., Snchez, M. (2015). Key factors to explain recycling, car use and environmentally responsible purchase behaviors: a comparative perspective.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,99, 29-39. MacKenzie, J. D., Ho, C. (2015). Perspectives on energy storage for flexible electronic systems.Proceedings of the IEEE,103(4), 535-553. Majaro, S. (2013).International Marketing (RLE International Business): A Strategic Approach to World Markets. Routledge. Razak, A. A., Hagishima, A., Ikegaya, N., Tanimoto, J. (2013). Analysis of airflow over building arrays for assessment of urban wind environment.Building and Environment,59, 56-65. Sadek, M. A. Z. (2017). Pharmaceutical Plastic Packaging Market in Bangladesh: A Study on Demand-Supply Scenario and Strategic Imperatives for Local Enterprises.International Journal of Business and Management,12(3), 232. Sekaran, U., Bougie, R. (2016).Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley Sons. Vanderroost, M., Ragaert, P., Devlieghere, F., De Meulenaer, B. (2014). Intelligent food packaging: The next generation.Trends in Food Science Technology,39(1), 47-62. Wiewiora, A., Trigunarsyah, B., Murphy, G., Coffey, V. (2013). Organizational culture and willingness to share knowledge: A competing values perspective in Australian context.International Journal of Project Management,31(8), 1163-1174.

Nuclear Weapon Controversy free essay sample

The Nuclear Weapon Controversy The question of whether countries should have nuclear weapons or be able to test them is a very controversial topic among the public. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. (Vicky: Nuclear Weapon). The destructive atomic bomb is an example of a nuclear weapon. The United States used the atomic bomb to destroy the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan in 1885, which killed nearly 250,000 people and virtually ended World War II.There are also other nuclear weapons that are used and tested by several other militaries around the world. Since the atomic bombs hit Japan in 1885, two thousand nuclear weapons have been detonated for testing purposes. If nuclear weapons are so destructive, then why are they being used in the military or even on innocent people? Nuclear weapons should be banned to insure safety and peace within our planet. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Weapon Controversy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since nuclear energy used in nuclear weapons is unstable, so is the capability of the nuclear weapons.If the nuclear reactions, fusion or fusion, were even the slightest unstable it may cause a destructive explosion. If any simple miscalculation or minor accident occurred, it can have a more diverse affect; even the possibility of destroying the whole world is not very farfetched (What are the Pros and Cons of Nuclear Weapons? ). The amount of energy and force within a nuclear weapon is so immense that any accident of the unpredictable nuclear reaction could be catastrophic. Also the reaction within a nuclear weapon occurs when he chain reaction process is encouraged to cascade or run away, with the number of nuclear fissions and fissile neutrons increasing at an exponential rate, releasing a tremendous amount of energy (Denton: How do nuclear warheads work? ). The energy saved within a nuclear weapon has enough power to cause mass destruction and death. The use and even test of nuclear weapons could cause mass destruction and death when used on another nation. When nations participate in a nuclear warfare, the amount of casualties and injuries could potentially be in the thousands.The process of creating a thermonuclear is the same fusion process that powers the Sun, and so a thermonuclear bomb is literally a miniature, man-made Sun, which explains its terrifying destructive power (Denton: How do nuclear warheads work? ). The amount of energy and destructive power that is in a nuclear weapon is extensive. A modern thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg) can produce an explosive force comparable to the detonation of more than 1. 2 million tons (1. 1 million metric tons) of TNT.Thus, even a small nuclear device no larger than traditional bombs can devastate an entire city by blast, fire and radiation (Vicky: Nuclear Weapon). Nuclear weapons and bombs have the energy and destructive capability to destroy civilizations and nations. The United Nations (UN) has attempted to control the use and test of these destructive and powerful nuclear weapons and bombs. There have been several significant attempts to try to control nuclear weapons, but many have been ignored by superior nations.In the Nuclear Non –Proliferation Treaty (NPT) nations are not allowed to spread or create nuclear weapons or weapon technology and in turn use the nuclear energy to improve the world. However, this treaty is ignored by several nations who have produced nuclear weapons to improve their military and national security. Unfortunately, the nuclear weapons state, and particularly the United States, seem to have made virtually zero progress (Kreiger Saving the Nuclear Nonproliferation Agreement, Waging Peace ).Since the United States and other superior nations are not cooperating with the Nuclear Non –Proliferation Treaty (NPT), they are opening the door for deployment of missile defenses and moves toward placing weapons in outer space; kept nuclear weapons at the center of its security policies, including research to create new nuclear weapons; and demonstrated no political will toward the elimination of its nuclear arsenals in the past five years(Kreiger Saving the Nuclear Nonproliferation Agreement, Waging Peace).The International Atomic Energy Agency was created in 1957 to force the issue of using nuclear energy for peaceful developments and not nuclear wea pons, but they have not been successful. The United Nations (UN) needs to do better in controlling the creation of nuclear weapons and someday banning it. Any use of nuclear weapons should be banned for the safety of our country and the world. Countries do have a right to nuclear development for peaceful purposes such as nuclear energy, but not for potentially harmful practices.Even though nuclear energy could be used to improve our world, it could also be used for weapon development. Also its incredible destructive force could be used to win a war such as World War II, but it could also be used destroy and kill thousands of people. Since nuclear weapons are unstable, destructive, and not well controlled, they should be banned. Several superior nations have the capability to use nuclear weapons, but they have restrained because of the possible devastating consequences.

Chocolate and Fair Trade Lit Review Essay Example

Chocolate and Fair Trade Lit Review Essay Example Chocolate and Fair Trade Lit Review Essay Chocolate and Fair Trade Lit Review Essay Lit Review: Child Labor In Cocoa Production and Fair Trade Chocolate By Sarah Kopperl Introduction: I have always had a love affair with chocolate. When I was little I thought the best job in the world would be to be a chocolatier, and have my own candy shop. I often visited Hershey P. A. and went to Hershey World, never wondering why they didn’t tell us much about how the cocoa was grown and harvested, only looking forward to the chocolate bar at the end of the â€Å"How Chocolate is Made† ride, and the roller coasters to come. As I have grown up, my intentions for a career have changed, but my love of chocolate has stayed. During the summer I took a course that had me researching commodities in South American countries and came across an article about child labor in chocolate production, which is discussed in more detail below. Since then I have tried to buy mostly fair trade chocolate, but didn’t really think too hard about it. Because of this project, I have dug into what Fair Trade is, why it is needed, and the underlying causes of child labor in cocoa farming communities. It made me think past the candy bar to the process of making it. Corporate Websites: The corporate websites I looked at were hesrheys. com, and usa. cadbury. com. Through the corporate websites I was hoping to learn about where their cocoa comes from, how chocolate is made, and some statistics on chocolate. I was also hoping to see how the companies are working towards sustainable cocoa crops and if they are Fair Trade or if they are doing anything to support fair wages and better living conditions for cocoa farmers. Hershey’s has a printer and user friendly section on how chocolate is made which talks very little about how cocoa is grown and harvested, focusing more on how cocoa is processed. (4) The site also links directly to the Hershey Company website which is separate from the site that would come up if searched in google. This is where the mission statement, information for investors, and a section on corporate responsibility are available. The company signed a protocol in 2001 to ensure children are not being harmed hrough cocoa production but both websites fail to state where the majority of their cocoa comes from. It also discusses supporting ECHOES and ICI to work towards sustainability and fair practices for cocoa farmers, but none of the cocoa used is Fair Trade Certified. (5) At my grocery store, Hershey bars are sold for less than a dollar, which is often the cheapest chocolate bar I can find. This makes me wonder if by flexing its corporate muscle, Hershey is forcing desper ate farmers to use child labor and treat all workers poorly. The Cadbury brand was recently acquired by Kraft, but still maintains a separate website from the massive corporation. The website fails to really explain how chocolate is made or where it comes from, but does give some incite as to when chocolate first went commercial and then corporate. It is one of the older companies out there, starting in 1825. The section about what the company strives for explains quite a bit about how cocoa farmers wind up being exploited and why child labor isn’t a surprise in the industry, since the focus is growth, efficiency, and capability. The website is upstanding in that it has a strong section on corporate responsibility, stating that Cadbury in the UK and Ireland are fair-trade certified, as is the cocoa used to make Green and Black, one of the offshoot brands of Cadbury. This portion of the site also discusses the Cadbury Cocoa Partnership, which is working with the United Nations to improve farmer outcomes and develop communities. I also found some nifty facts in random places, such as how much cocoa is used by the company annually. The facts are not static, the pop up each time you move to a new section of the site. 6) I felt like the Cadbury site was a good example of a corporation responding to customer demand by moving towards fair trade cocoa, and by showing the initiatives the company is taking to help the lives of cocoa farmers. Child Labor: One of the common themes I found when researching how cocoa is grown and harvested was the use of child and/or slave labor. A major expose was done on the subject by S udarsan Raghavan and Sumana Chatterjee and published by Knight Ridder Newspapers in 2001. It then hit other major media outlets including the BBC, as well as organizations such as Global Exchange. The expose paints a picture of young boys working long hard hours with little food, poor health care and daily beatings. It also explains the challenges faced by those in poverty in Mali and surrounding regions where children are offered money for their families and a chance to see other parts of the world in order to lure them into the work. Finally it points to the lack of control over market prices and the hidden nature of slavery in Africa, claiming that the responsibility is placed on the government and manufacturers of chocolate. 1) While I agree that this is where major influences lie, I also think it fails to hold the consumer AND the growers accountable. Also, governments in the countries where the cocoa is sold need to be held accountable as well. This expose was one of the first if not the first items I read about child labor in chocolate, and it made me want to look further into the subject. I feel like it will be useful in showing the consumer the realities faced by stru ggling cocoa workers on the Ivory Coast. One of the sites I came across was Stop Chocolate Slavery. It has a section called Take Action which gives advice for consumers on how to work towards child labor free chocolate. It also has a section called Slave Free chocolate which lists some products that the site deems worthy of consumer purchase. (8) I will use this site for my section about what can be done by consumers. I also used the News and Information section to find a link to the expose mentioned above. (8) Another source I found was an article written by Sarah Cheyes called â€Å"Chocolate and Slavery. One of the first things Cheyes points out is that forced labor is a problem around d the world because humans are seen as commodities and children are used and discarded; being seen as easily replaceable. She discusses the initiatives sought to place â€Å"Slave Free† labels on products in 2001 and how the U. S. chocolate industry responded by sending lobbyists to ward off the possible legislation, claiming that the labels would hurt the people of West Africa and that th ey had no way of knowing what cocoa beans were slave free because all beans were combined together before delivery. The chocolate companies themselves said they were not responsible for the farming practices of their suppliers. After major media articles and with impending government action, the companies finally decided on action. They signed the Harkin- Engel Protocol, which was facilitated by 3 senators in late 2001, was designed to eliminate the worst forms of child labor in the chocolate industry by 2005. It was signed by most of the major chocolate manufacturers along with several progressive organizations. However, it only targets child labor in West Africa, and is not a LAW but a protocol. This means it is difficult to enforce, and it does not address the problem in other cocoa producing countries. It also fails to address the causes of forced or child labor in poor countries. (2) Cheyes includes a section in her article on the causes of child labor in cocoa manufacturing, pointing to the fact that manufacturers encourage poor countries to grow cocoa, and with a mass supply, this drives down market prices for the commodity. This often forces poor farmers to save on costs any way possible, including child labor. According to the Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast, manufacturers would have to pay more than ten times what they do in order to end forced labor in cocoa production. It would also help to educate farmers about how the market works and find ways for the 40 percent population of the country to be less dependent on cocoa. Farmers are unable to communicate and often forced to rely on middlemen who cheat them. Also, there haven’t been enough efforts to create a stable and sufficient price for cocoa. This causes producer incomes to remain low, and poverty means desperation. (8) Chocolate And Slavery† also discusses alternatives, including Fair Trade collectives that require a signature from purchasers guaranteeing a fair price plus a premium that guarantee a living wage for farmers as well as money that goes into a fund for improvements in the community. Cheyes also mentions that some manufacturers simply don’t buy cocoa from West Africa. This solution fails to address or eradicate the problem, and may actually hurt the farmers more. She also discusses the responses of those in the chocolate industry as well as professional cooks and pastry chefs. She mentions one manufacturer representative who denied the existence of a problem. She also talks about the conflict of a professional asking a purveyor for slave free cocoa or the sobering reality that one uses cocoa that is slave manufactured, but is unable or unwilling to do anything about it. She goes on to point out that it may be those professionals who wield the most power to create change. We live in a world of celebrity chefs and cooking shows that glamorize the profession, and if those celebrities would make an effort they could make a huge difference. They do however face a conflict, in that by angering major chocolate manufacturers, they may lose the sponsorships that allow their fame to continue. (8) Cheyes closes out her article with a section on what can be done by the general public. She encourages education on the subject, both for you and for others. She says to write letters to chocolate manufacturers, and if in the industry to work with your purveyors to find chocolate derived from free market cocoa. Of course she encourages the purchase of only free trade chocolate, and to encourage others to do the same. (8) I found this article incredibly informative. It gave me a much better perspective on the causes behind both child and forced labor in the cocoa industry, as well as some of the politics in the U. S. surrounding the problem. It also gave me insight into why the problem may still exist. I will use much of this information in my background section, as well as my fact section. More recently an independent audit by Tulane University shows that the efforts that were supposed to create 100 percent child free labor certification by 2010, have failed to even come close to reaching goals. The article â€Å"Child Labor Still Key in Ingredient in Chocolate Industry,† shows that the Harkin-Engel Protocol which created community based education and monitoring programs has done some good, but less than 3 percent of cocoa growing villages in the Ivory Coast have been visited by monitors. The article does mention that Kraft in the U. S. plans to carry chocolate that is labeled sustainable and Mars, the largest buyer of cocoa in the world, plans to go completely sustainable by 2020. This does not; however mean that the cocoa is Fair Trade or slave free. There is no mention of Hershey at all in the article, nor does it offer other smaller brands or companies that use sustainable cocoa, nor why the problem of child labor exists. (3) This article shows that more still needs to be done to encourage free market cocoa use by major companies. It also shows that there needs to be more education on the differences between sustainable and fair trade. Fair Trade and Sustainability: Another theme I found when researching chocolate was Fair Trade Cocoa, and Sustainable cocoa farming. Buying Fair Trade chocolate is one of the things all consumers can do to help cocoa farmers around the world. Sustainable cocoa farming is important for preserving the environment. One of the sources I found about Fair Trade is the website for Fair Trade USA, which is the only Independent, third-party Fair Trade Certifier in the U. S. at this time. It is also one of 24 members of Fair Trade Labeling Organizations International (FLO. ) The company site gives an overview and definition of Fair Trade in the section called Fair Trade Overview. It explains the principles of Fair Trade, including fair price, fair labor conditions, direct trade, democratic and transparent organizations, community development, and environmental sustainability. There is a section called Social benefits which talks about kids being able to go to school instead of working on the farms, farmers being able to feed their families, and efforts to help educate the community and provide healthcare. It also provides a FAQ section as well as information about the organization such as the board of directors as mission statements. 7) I find it interesting that one organization holds the monopoly on providing Fair Trade certifications in the U. S. and that it seems to operate like a corporation. While this website helped me understand the Fair Trade certification process, and I think the idea of Fair Trade is super important, I wonder if this organization is making money off of the process, and if so, where that money goes. Another organization whose websit e I used as a source was that of the FLO. The FLO is 24 international organizations that set international fair trade standards and support fair trade producers. The site explains how standards for fair trade are set and who sets them. It gives a strong explanation as to what fair trade is and how it can benefit the growing community. There is a timeline about how FLO started and a section on the international Fair Trade label. There is a section that allows you to search for fair trade price and premium minimums, and an updated section on the standards for each certified product. I was sad to find upon searching that many standards in regard to cocoa were pre 2004, and had not been recently updated. 10) This shows me that although Fair Trade is an amazing advance for the cocoa industry, more needs to be done. The price that would allow a living wage for a cocoa farmer has surely changed since 2004, so these organizations need to step it up. Maybe there needs to be a different system set up that allows prices to fluctuate based on inflation and other economic factors. I found the World Cocoa Foundation website to be incredibly helpful as well . There are sections called Who We are and one called What We Do give background on the foundation. Their mission is to, â€Å"†¦promote a sustainable cocoa economy through economic and social development and environmental stewardship in cocoa-growing communities. † What We Do is broken down by region. In the Africa section I learned that 70 percent of the world cocoa supply comes from Africa, 90 percent of which is grown on nearly 2 million family farms consisting of 2 hectares or less of land. The World Cocoa Foundation holds to their mission in many ways, such as training farmers to better manage pests and to diversify crops, improving education at all levels, and teaching about HIV/AIDS and providing health care. Another section called Sustainability Principles and Goals shows more efforts made by the foundation based on specific goals such as Profit, People, and the Planet. A section called Learn About Cocoa breaks down the cocoa commodity chain from harvest, straight on through to the global market. This section taught me that cocoa has to be harvested by hand, and that the beans must ferment before shipping, and reminded me of the process for making that bar of chocolate. There is also a section that addresses efforts to curb child labor. 9) This website shows that there are efforts to help cocoa farmers that don’t just include Fair Trade, and that one can get involved on a deeper level than writing organization or buying Fair Trade certified chocolate if they want to. The site also gave me quite a bit of history and background information about cocoa and chocolate. Conclusion: My research brought to me to many conclusions, and brought up as many questions as it answered. I wonder w ho is on the board of stakeholders for FLO. Does the board that creates fair trade standards for cocoa include cocoa farmers who are more aware of the realities of middle men and harsh conditions, or does it only include CEO’s and other higher level corporate types who are driven by profit and disconnected from the farmers? I also question why the U. S. government sponsored and corporately signed Harkin-Engel Protocol in only a protocol and hasn’t been changed into a law which is more enforceable and holds those who signed it more accountable for their actions. The average consumer has no idea that forced and child labor exists in the chocolate industry or why it does. They may know about fair trade chocolate and have a general idea of what fair trade is, but they often balk at the extra cost, preferring to reach for the $1. 00 Hershey bar or bag of Mamp;M’s. I think that it is so important to make consumers aware of the commodity chain that goes into producing the food we eat. It is important for consumers to know how much the cocoa farmer is getting paid, and what projects are being funded by buying fair trade chocolate. I also think it’s important for consumers to be aware of how their demand for lower cost food is affecting everyone down the commodity chain. I think it is important for the media to continue showing pieces that expose working conditions for farmers in third world countries, and for people to be more curious about their food. In order to find more information, people have to dig deeper, going to media sources that are not big corporate run sources, and hold themselves, their governments, and corporations responsible. It is important to take little steps, which will in turn add up to bigger steps. Becoming informed, demanding fair trade cocoa use from big chocolate manufacturers, buying only fair trade, sustainable chocolate, and getting to know your local farmer so you feel reconnected to the food will eventually add up to a stronger movement towards responsible, fair, and sustainable cocoa and chocolate production. Sources: 1) Chatterjee, Sumana and Raghavan, Sudarsan, â€Å"A Taste of Slavery,† Knight Ridder Newspapers, June 24th, 2001, accessed via http://vision. ucsd. edu/~kbranson/stopchocolateslavery/atasteofslavery. html#pa rt1 2) Chayes, Sarah, â€Å"Chocolate and Slavery†, Chocolate Work, hocolatework. com/chocolate-slavery. htm 3) Oved, Marco, Chown, â€Å"Child Labor Still Key Ingredient to Chocolate Industry,† Associated Press, October 8th 2010, accessed via theglobeandmail. com/news/world/africa-mideast/forced-child-labour-still-key-ingredient-to-chocolate-industry-study/article1749279/ 4) hersheys. com/ 5) thehersheycompany. com/ 6) http ://usa. cadbury. com/Pages/Home. aspx 7) transfairusa. org/ 8) http://vision. ucsd. edu/~kbranson/stopchocolateslavery/main. html 9) worldcocoafoundation. org/index. html 10) fairtrade. net/

Government-Fostered Ownership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government-Fostered Ownership - Essay Example The so called concentration of media is a term given to the concentration of ownership rights into the hands of few individuals or entities which control the major chunk of the media including radio. The question of whether the US government allowed the concentration of ownership into the monopoly or oligopoly ownership structure with the radio industry is question of great debate because over the period of time, radio industry has been subject to various regulations. The FCC’s verdicts also indicated that the US government was more than willing to consolidate the ownership of radio industry in few hands apparently for reasons which may not be fully understood. (Compaine, 2005). The radio and other allied industries such as railways as well as TV in US evolved under the private ownership as against in UK and elsewhere. The fact that the radio industry evolved under the private ownership has provided much flexibility as well freedom to operate. It is also important to note that the radio as a private invention and as such the ownership of broadcasting also remained within the hands of the private owners. The policy of the US government has been to allow the flourishing of the radio industry under the private ownership. It is also however, critical to note that the US government has over the period of time regulated the industry in a bid to keep it under the tight control however, the ownership of the industry remained within the private owners, and as such it was also gradually culminated into the monopoly or oligopoly. One of the reasons for this which is often cited is the assumption that the strict government control over the radio may be a barrier to entry and as such the freedom of speech as well as other fundamental rights may be subjugated by the government. Further, the government control might have resulted into the barriers to creativity as strict government control could have resulted into

Posners Terms Analyzing the Curriculum Assignment

Posners Terms Analyzing the Curriculum - Assignment Example For example, teachers can conduct research, introduce their research in the classrooms, share it with other teachers and after seeing the effectiveness of the research, can be supportive in making it a part of the curriculum. 2. Robert Glaser/Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) Robert Glaser made a curriculum by making use of the standards of RD&D model for curriculum change, which he named as Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI). IPI can be defined as a systematic approach to learning (Posner, 1995). Glaser intended to implement the standards of the RD&D model to the whole curriculum employed by primary and secondary classes through IPI. This approach individualizes the children as the students are allowed to learn with the support of technology. Teachers and students both can assess the behavior of the student in learning and understand the curriculum. For example, students gain instructions and curriculum details with the support of computerized technology. Each of them has his own instruction to follow. 3. Collaborative Approaches as related to Curriculum Change The collaborative approaches as related to curriculum change were created after finding weaknesses in the RD&D model. The approach highlights that better teaching is based on experience and knowledge acquisition of teachers about their profession (Posner, 1995). Teachers are able o learn better by viewing other teachers’ teaching and sharing their notions with one another. Teachers and students should be collaborative in developing curriculums and bringing in a change in the curriculum. An example of collaborative approaches as related to curriculum change is to incorporate new and innovative materials such as computer usage in the curriculum by collecting the viewpoints of teachers and students collaboratively. Chapters 10 and 11 1. Purposes of Evaluation The purposes of evaluation sometimes disagree with one another. The academic institutions generally need evaluation data that t hey can reveal to the stakeholders and financers for showing the efficiency of their system (Posner, 1995). This evaluation data is provided as a source of measurement of the presentation of the academic institution for advertising purposes. In addition, the evaluation is conducted as a certified activity to assess the performance of individual educators in order to scrutinize and make better the learning strategies that they intend to provide. The profiles and yearly results of students given in newspapers and meetings for performance evaluation with the support of evaluation data are examples of purposes of evaluation. 2. Standardized Tests Standardized tests can be defined as a collection of questions with an acknowledged collection of most probably accurate answers (Posner, 1995). The standardized tests are assessments that are supervised and evaluated by following certain standards. Consistency can be found in standardized tests. Every student has to give the answers already as signed as correct answers. For example, a test in which, multiple choices are allowed with each correct answer already known to the checker.     Ã‚  

Gangs of Youth Essay Example for Free

Gangs of Youth Essay Tattoos, graffiti in the walls, foul language, drugs, guns and violence are the most popular notions for â€Å"street gangs†. Street gangs are prevalent ever since the 19th century, when there was a surge of immigrants in the United States. They are an identity, a fearful group of people who organizes a variety of delinquent activities. Though gangs have been widely used in popular culture, as observed in the invention of slang words, baggy pants, hip-hop and rap music, they are a threat to society. Gangs are not really cool as what is being portrayed in our television sets. The following questions, which were taken from GWC, Inc. [1997], provide us some ideas on how to assess whether our community or school is suffering from severe gang activity. 1. Do you have graffiti on or near your school? 2. Do you have crossed out graffiti on or near your school grounds? 3. Do your students wear colors, jewelry, clothing; flash hand signals; or display other behavior that may be gang related? 4. Are drugs available in or near your school? 5. Has there been an increase in physical confrontations or incidents of threats, abuse, or intimidation in or near your school? 6. Is there an increasing presence of weapons in your community? 7. Do students use beepers, pagers and cellular phones? 8. Has there been a drive-by shooting in your neighborhood? 9. Have you had a show-by or a display of weapons near your schools? 10. Has there been an increase in the truancy rate and/or daytime burglaries? 11. Are there an increasing number of racial incidents in your community or school? 12. Does your community have a history of gangs? 13. Is there an increasing presence of informal social groups with unusual names? If most of the answers are yes, then your community or school is definitely in need for an effective gang prevention program. But before doing so, I will first discuss about the proliferation of street gangs, its history and its impact to the society especially to the youth. I will also provide recent reports on the current statistics in some areas; then I can now dwell on the useful measures on how to fight and avoid gang activity. What are gangs? The Children’s Health Encyclopedia [n. d. ] mentioned that there are a couple of definitions of gangs, specifically, youth gangs. In general, they are a â€Å"loosely-organized association† who were formerly alienated by the society. They are headed informally by a leader. The members are usually between ages 12 to 24 and they have a gang name to identify themselves. The members of the gang share something in common in them. Usually they have the same race or ethnicity, same social class or some characteristic that are usually defined by some form of a symbol, usually represented by tattoos, graffiti, clothing or even hand signals. According to Safe Youth [2007], gangs are most of the time male-dominated and have their own territory. Such male members have experienced a loss of a male figure at home. For females, they often participate in gang activity during family crisis or drug addiction. They have been characterized to be run-away-from-home youths. Moreover, another characteristic of these gangs is that they may either be a subsidiary of a larger group of gangs. Some gang organizations have their respective mother groups whom they share similar attributes and culture. It is also common for such gangs to have their own set of rules and codes of conduct. Some even have weird rituals of their own. They treat each other as kin or family; since in the first place, they were formed because they felt some kind of alienation with their respective lives. Gangs can compensate and nurture the members a sense of belongingness. They also can gain power and influence especially when they cooperate to fight for their own endeavors. They gain confidence and self-worth especially when gang members are promised to be given protection or better yet a higher social status. They do organized crime activities in order to get what they want. These activities are violent and nature and such can threaten a lot of lives. According to the U. S. Department of Justice, groups must be involved in criminal acts before they are deemed to be called as gangs. Such acts, according to Johnson and Muhlhausen [2005], can vary from extortion, robbery, smuggling, drug trafficking, arms trafficking, and defending their territory. Basically, there a two types of gangs, city and urban/rural gangs [Green, 1999]. In cities, gangs are situated in a particular â€Å"turf† or â€Å"hood†, unlike in urban/rural areas, gangs are dispersed and some needed to travel in order to be with their members. According to Green [1999], there three indicators of gangs: saggin’, flaggin’, and braggin’. Sagging is manner of dressing. Gangsters are usually wearing loose clothes like baggy pants and caps that are tilted in a different manner. Some gangs have a unique style, which makes them distinct from other gangs like hairdos and leather jackets. Flagging is the show of colors. Gangs have a branding color which represents them. Last is bragging, which is self-explanatory. They brag about being gangsters though they are very secretive about their activities. History Johnson and Muhlhausen [2005] stated in their paper, â€Å"North American Transnational Youth Gangs: Breaking the Chain of Violence† that youth gangs can be traced even as far as the end of American Revolution. They said that such violence was heightened during the immigration and population shifts during the early 1800s, 1920s, 1960s and in the latter 1990s. Though in Europe, gangs are already popular in the 14th Century. It was reported in the 1999 National Youth Gang Survey that gangs in the United States are composed of 47 percent Hispanic members, 31 percent African-Americans, 13 percent Caucasian, 7 percent Asian and 3 percent others. These can traced from the 10 to 12 million undocumented Hispanic aliens in 1970s and 1990s. The most popular Hispanic groups are Calle 18 and Mara Salvatrucha. They were the first gangs to accept members from other nationalities as well as recruit outside their own territory. Outside means that even the youth, as young as elementary and middle schools are involved in the use of weapons, stealing money and selling drugs. The GWC, Inc. [1997] believed that gangs use children because if ever they are caught, they will not go to jail. It was also said by Johnson and Muhlhausen [2005] that during the 19th century, Irish and Italian street gangs were greatly concentrated in the East Coast cities, while African-American gangs were mostly in Los Angeles especially during the 1960s and 1970s. When you migrate, most probably the neighborhood the family is exposed are much disorganized, thus leading to exposure to crimes and gang activities. Statistics As shown by the GWC, Inc. ’s Gang Guide [1997], the FBI thinks that there are around 400,000 youths who are members of gangs in the United States. Moreover, the Journal of American Medical Association believes that 94 percent are active gangs in the cities. Such cities according to the American Street Gang can include up to 40 different gangs. In the Children’s Health Encyclopedia, in between the years 1996and 2001, over 90 percent of the largest cities in America are reported to have gang activities in their area. Between 1998 and 1999, it was studied that there was a 27 percent increase in gang membership in the suburban areas while 29 percent in rural areas. Gangs do not only involve the minorities like the Latinos or the African-American, all nationalities or ethnic groups, despite economic class and geographical setting are highly involved in gangs. Earlier we said that males dominate that gangs and females are only involved usually when she experiences family problems and had run away from home. It was discovered by A. Campbell in his research that female gang members have experience a larger risk in gang membership. According to Johnson and Muhlhausen [2005], the reported gang activity in 1970 was 270, by 1998, it increased by whopping 800 percent with 2,500 cities. In a comparative study of gang members and youths-at-risk in Cleveland, it was found that 44. 7 percent of gang members were reported to committing auto theft, as compared to 4. 1 percent of non-members. Moreover, 40. 4 percent of gang members said that they have participated in â€Å"drive-by shootings†, while only 2. 0 percent of non-members have done so. Furthermore, 34. 0 of gang members have been reported to intimidate or assault crime victims or witnesses, compared to none from the non-members. 72. 3 percent of gang members acknowledged that they have assaulted rivals, compared to 16. 3 percent. More so, 17. 0 percent of gang members have committed robbery compared to 2. 0 percent of non-members. We can conclude in this study that being involved in gangs exposes one to be more at-risk even greater than those who are already at-risk yet non-members of gangs. According to Safe Youth [2007], recent studies reveal that member of youth gangs join before they reach 18 years old. In contrast to the notion of the public, such members do not commit to a long-term membership. In a span of one year, only one-half to two-thirds remain in their gang. To heighten our claim earlier that gang members are more at-risk than at-risk non-members, Howell and Decker [1999] revealed that youth gang members have higher drug usage rate than non-gang members. Moreover, Battin-Pearson, et al. [1998] said that delinquency rates are higher for gang members, which includes the use of illegal drugs, display of violent behavior and even the rate of being arrested. Between 1989 and 1995, it was reported by the United States Departments of Education and Justice that the percentage of gang activity doubled. This heightens the strong correlation of gangs with the proliferation of guns and drugs inside the school campuses. However, there is contradiction with the study. Chandler, et al. [1996] believed that gangs have not been the cause of victimization inside the schools although it was found to contribute to the dangerous atmosphere. Presence of gangs in school has even brought protection to students who are part of the minority groups. It was reported in the 2002 and 2003 National Youth Gang Surveys that 4 out of 10 large cities in the United States have experienced 10 or more gang homicides [Egley, 2005]. In Los Angeles and Chicaga, half of the reported 1,000 homicides were gang related. This also implies a frequent use of firearms. Risk Factors In the study of Johnson and Muhlhausen [2005], if the following risk factors increase, it was believed that the youth has higher probability of joining a gang: marginal neighborhoods, family, academic problems, peer groups, drugs and violence. Marginal Neighborhoods involve a more dangerous environment and most of these neighborhoods are highly exposed to drugs. Johnson and Muhlhausen [2005] said that those who are living in these neighborhood are thrice more likely to join gangs. More so, such neighborhoods who are highly exposed to drugs like Marijuana, youths are 3. 6 likely to join a gang. Youths with families headed by a single-parent are 2. 4 more likely to join gangs than those families who are headed by a complete set of parents. As mentioned earlier, those males who missed a father figure will seek out such companionship in gangs. More so, with a broken family, it is much easier for a child to acquire belongingness and love from a gang. However, as long as families promote violence, and there is low parental care and love in the family, a youth will be highly misguided, leading to gang membership. Academic problems lead to higher gang membership because as already mentioned earlier; gangs can lift low self-esteem individuals. Since academic failure contributes to low self-esteem, such youth are 3. 6 times more prone to join the gangs. When there is low commitment to study in school, a child is more likely to join a gang, since it can mean that he or she prefers other activities. Such activities as we know can be more violent in nature, and may or may not be done within the school premises. Peer groups are great motivators for the youth to join a gang. When you have friends who are members of such gangs, you are also twice as likely to join too. Peer pressure is sometimes very hard to resist because friendships are broken if you cannot do a favor for a friend. We know that people do need companionship especially in school and it is difficult if we do not have friends around. They are a source of protection as well. Drugs and violence can evidently trigger gang membership. Youths who already use Marijuana, are 3. 7 times more prone to join gangs. This is definitely true since where else can you get such drugs but from those gangs. To be able to get it easier, one should join them. Moreover, it was revealed that if the youth has been engaged in a violent behavior before, they are 3. 1 time more prone to join the gangs. Lonnie Jackson [1998], the author of Gangbusters: Strategies for prevention and intervention also provided a list of risk factors. It includes again the exposure to crime and violence during the â€Å"formative years†. Role models from a particular ethnic group can also increase the likelihood to gang involvement. It also includes lack of parental control. Moreover, the lack of equal economic opportunities can also be the reason for gang involvement. The lack of â€Å"social and recreational activities† for the children, few employment opportunities and unmet employment qualifications and skills can trigger gang involvement. Youth enticed to power, money and drugs are evidently more likely to join these gangs. Immediate gratification is very attractive for some youths and this encourages them to join the gangs. Moreover the lack of sense of belongingness and security, as well as powerlessness will lead the youth to those gangs. Another source of gang influence would be the popular media. Though there is no substantive evidence, violence seen in films, even song lyrics from hip-hop or rap music can increase pressure in joining gangs since gang life are usually being portrayed with such glamour and power that even kids imitate them. Kids these days are dressing up like gangsters even though they are not, and it can be reason why they join gangs. They think it so cool. Impact of Gangs in Schools Gangs in school will obviously increase the violence in schools, though we cannot directly blame the gang members for them. According to Trump [1993], students enrolled in schools with evident gang presence are twice more likely to fear of being victims of violence, than those whose schools without gangs. In an interview of Boyle [1992], he said that gang members perceive schools as evils and forms of incarceration. They see school as a place for gathering and hosting violent activities. What is worse is that, even gang members who are already suspended or kicked out from school can be found in the campus with their fellow gang mates. They use school as a form of a hang-out place rather than a place for learning. Burnett and Walz [1994] said that gangs can broaden its reach even influencing the youth in gang-free schools, causing a wider influence and greater involvement in criminal activities. According to Chandler et al. [1998], youth gangs are correlated with issues in delinquency especially during elementary and secondary schools. The National Center for Education Statistics [2005] have reported that most students in urban schools are most probably report the existence of street gangs in their school with 31 percent, compared to suburban students and rural students with 18 percent and 12 percent respectively. According to Thompkins [2000], security officers, security cameras, and even metal detectors can serve as a means of deterrence, yet these causes fear among the people on school, knowing that such security was brought about by the heightening of gang activity in the school. Impact of Gangs on its Participants Most of the gang members are already involved in delinquent acts even during the time that they are not still members of the gang [Burnett and Walz, 1994]. Most likely, such delinquent acts will be heightened. They will be frequently involved in drug abuse, as well as violence against their neighbor and a lot more. There are many consequences of being involved in such gangs. If ever they do not follow the rules of their gang leaders, most likely they will be victims as well, facing more punishments than those who are non-members. Also, if the gangs were discovered, they can be arrested and put into detention. When they grow up, they can be put into prison. Gang life distorts a lot of healthy relationships especially if it is for long term. The gangs have so much power over their members and can limit their own capacities. It can deprive them their own ambitions and aspirations. They bring chaos to the community and it can break families. It is more likely to happen that a youth can be dropped out early in school. When this happens, there is less chance for the child to be employable in the future, thus increasing unemployment rate together with crime rate. Moreover, it can also bring about early pregnancy or teen motherhood, which brings about an unstable family and lack of parental care. We already discussed earlier that such families are more likely to produce delinquent children. Thus, we see a cycle going on in here. If you expose your child to an unstable environment, most likely, he or she will carry it in the future. Economic impact of youth gangs There are in fact economic costs associated to youth gangs just like any other crimes. Medical expenses are actually large, especially to those who were victimized. In a year, $655 billion are spent in the United States because of crimes and it was believed that a huge amount can be attributed to gangs [Fight Crime: Invest in kids, 2004]. In Los Angeles Hospital trauma center, it was revealed that $5 million was spent to the 272 gang-related gunshot victims. It was also reported that youth gangs turned to be entrepreneurial organizations, involving hard core drug operations in various numbers of states. An example of which is the Black Gangster Disciples Nation [Burnett and Walz, 1994]. It actually has a hierarchy with several officers with specialized jobs. They have a chairman, with board of directors who are in charge in the drug trafficking in their areas. They have regents, who are in charge in the drug supply as well as in overseeing the â€Å"drug† stores. They also have area coordinators, who are in charge in collecting revenues from several spots. They have enforcers who are like their police and punish members who cheat. Last are the shorties, or the â€Å"interns† who composes the staff in the drugs selling spots. So evidently, such gang is already very organized and they have climbed their way up because of their wider influence and power. How to fight gang activity Gang activities are very serious issues that need to be addressed. A lot of youths are being misled to another path, damages their lives, the lives of the people around them as well as their future. But, it’s never too late to pull them out of their misery and prevent those kids who are about to be victimized. The National Education Association developed a â€Å"Safe Schools Framework† in order to aid schools and communities to pinpoint the gangs in their areas [Safe Youth, 2007]. They are recommending cooperation among schools, families and communities in developing strategies in alleviating gangs in their areas, as well as promoting safety and security in the campus. We adopt three components of the framework: prevention, intervention and suppression. Under prevention, we should aim to prevent the youth in getting involved in gangs, as well as in gang-related activities. This includes heightened awareness and education of the negative consequences of joining gangs, and testimonials from former gang members discouraging them to be involved. By intervention, we mean that we create possible alternatives for the youth in terms of their after-school or extra-curricular activities. More so, we provide counseling for those who are already in trouble, and promote part-time jobs for students. By suppression, we should use adequate measures in identifying, isolation, punishing and rehabilitating criminal offenders [Safe Youth, 2007]. In order to fight the existence of gangs in the schools, we should promote policies like adapting a school uniform, implementing curfews to discourage delinquent activities at night, encouraging students to be punctual, as well as enforcing strict policies on underage drinking and bring of deadly weapons in schools. During the 1930s, the Chicago Area Project has already started in bringing about recreational activities and self-improvement campaigns in order to convert gang members [Johnson and Muhlhausen, 2005]. However, it only increased crime since they treated as gangs as a group. In other states, they have strict anti-gang laws but were not effective in enforcing laws. In states like California, Minnesota and Virginia, they have established gang task forces but it was observed that their success greatly relies on the sustainability of their efforts, a variety of strategies and strong political will. It is very difficult to do that for all the states. The U. S. Department of Justice’s Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has recommended several strategies like after-school activities, dropout prevention, parent-training programs, efficient tracking of former offenders, job programs and many others. However, many failed to reduce delinquency [Johnson and Muhlhausen, 2005]. Other programs were also seen to be ineffective, like the GREAT (Gang Resistance Education and Training) which used police as instructors in schools on the dangers of gang participation. During their evaluation, the program has no significant effect on gang membership [Johnson and Muhlhausen, 2005]. Moreover, the on-the-job training provided by the Department of Labor had produced counterintuitive results. Instead of preventing the disadvantaged youth, it actually increased the arrests related to gang activity. It was suggested by Johnson and Muhlhausen [2005] that the following strategies must be used. First, they should foster stable neighborhoods. It is very important for the government to ensure the safety of the environment of the people. They know that an unstable neighborhood produces delinquent activities, thus by enforcing policies that could enable a more secure neighborhood will be of great help in reducing gang membership. Second, they need to reduce illegal immigration. We know for a fact that gangs were formed due to alienation and a sense of discrimination from the society. By requiring stricter requirements for labor and immigration, we are also ensuring the safety of these people and help the rise of gangs in the country. Third, there should be strategies to â€Å"deny time for gang activities†. Parents should be aware that they play a great role in forming the behavior of their children. They should help their children in avoiding being influenced by those groups by telling the possible dangers of gang membership. Fourth, there should also be an emphasis on the prevention on the individual. Counseling programs must be strengthened, helping students to overcome their family problems and encourage them to find happiness in other things, instead of resulting to drugs and violence. Last is to ensure that the suppression is a product of collaborative efforts of several different agencies. An enforcement of a policy will not be successful if people do not have a general consensus about it, or do not cooperate. Strategies must also be simultaneously be implemented in order to make the campaigns against gang violence to be systematic. We still have a long way to go in eliminating gang violence. However, if we start now at our own homes, we can prevent these children from being involved in such gang activities. There are various tools to assist them. We need to focus on the sustainability and effectiveness of those tools in order to ensure success. Bibliography Gang. (n. d. ). Encyclopedia of Childrens Health. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from Answers. com Web site: http://www. answers. com/topic/gang Howell, J. (2006). The Impact of Gangs on Communities. NYGC Bulletin. Retrieved April 22, from IIGC Website: www. iir. com/nygc/publications/NYGCbulletin_0806. pdf. Green, F. (1999). Street Gangs in School. Retrieved April 20, 2008 at Keys to Safer Schools Website: http://www. keystosaferschools. com/Newsletter%20Vol. %208%20pg%203. htm. Safe Youth. (2007). Gangs fact sheet. Retrieved April 20, 2008 at National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center Website: http://www. safeyouth. org/scripts/facts/gangs. asp. Burnett, G. and G. Walz. (1994). Gangs in the Schools. Retrieved April 20, 2008 at Eric Digests Website: http://www. ericdigests. org/1995-1/gangs. htm. Johnson, S. and D. Muhlhausen. (2005). North American Transnational Youth Gangs: Breaking the Chain of Violence. Retrieved April 20, 2008 at Heritage Website: http://www. heritage. org/research/urbanissues/bg1834. cfm.